TR 2:25 p.m. Study Resource Material

Perspectives on Mass Communication (blog + class + text) 

Functions of the mass media:

• Surveillance

- To get information

-Ex. Checking the weather

• Interpretation

- Answers “so what?” of surveillance

-Ex. someones speculates upcoming events of sports team after a bad performance

• Linkage

- Primary Function of mass media

- Links message from source to receiver

-Ex. Someone receiving a message from an advertisement 

• Transmission of values

- Actions influenced by media

-Ex. Using an idea of a date that someone saw in a movie

• Entertainment

- Any form of pleasure from a media source

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Group: Ellie, Lauren, Sahara, Noah

Notes on Rules of Language for Intro to Media Industries Exam

Language is a tool with multiple functions:

•    establish identities

•    form relationships

•    comfort others

•    helps us to make sense of the world

•    primary means of connecting with others

Language: The ability to use symbols to represent ideas/objects we want to share with others. Not necessarily words (morse code, sign language, etc.)

·      Once we know the rules of language we no longer need to pay conscious attention to them

Symbols: Can be a written letter or character of the language (vocal sound, nonverbal cue)

Referents: What the symbol (or combination of symbols) refers to

Thoughts:  Abstract idea developed in our minds

All together these make The Triangle of Meaning

Inherited Communication: Genetic codes that tell us what to do

Learned Communication:  Experience, we learn what to expect

Phonemic rules: Relates to pronunciation and the basic sounds in the English language (44)

Semantic rules: The meanings associated sounds, words, or letters; the smallest sound being a morphene. This can be difficult to learn for those beginning to learn the language. Related to General Semantics, a field of com study on ridding misunderstandings between people

Structural/syntax rules: Basic grammar

Pragmatic rules: How the language is actually used, related to normative rules (what is considered appropriate, following societal norms).

The Speech Act Theory explains the pragmatic rules for accomplishing tasks (the intention being a question, request, etc.)

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Elements in communication:

Source:

• The source is the distributor of a message.

Encoding:

• Taking a thought and putting it into a symbol i.e. sounds, images, writing, etc...

Message:

• The message is the content of media itself.

Channel:

• A medium used to get a message across.

Decoding:

• Understanding the symbols used to convey a message.

Receiver:

• The audience receiving a message.

Feedback

• A response to a message
• Instantaneous feedback: Feedback as message is happening (social media).
• Delayed feedback: Feedback after a message is received (Nielsen ratings).

Noise

• Anything that intervenes with the receiver getting the message.

Forms of communication:

The Major Mass Media:

• The compilation of all things media
• Print
• News papers
• Magazines
• Books
• Electronic
• TV
• Radio
• Internet
• Movies
• Sound recording
• Videogames

Intrapersonal communication:

• Communication within oneself

Interpersonal communication:

• Communication from person to person

Small Group communication:

• Communication between small groups. (They tend to make better decisions)
• Groupthink
• The Ringelmann theory

Public communication:

• One person speaking to a group or crowd

Mass communication:

• The ability to communicate with several people, usually in numbers of the millions.

Common characteristics of traditional mass media outlets:

• Complex and formal
• Multiple gatekeepers
• Need vast cash to operate
• Exist to make a profit
• Highly competitive

Future of mass media (segmentation, convergence, disintermediation)

Segmentation:

• The concern that content has become too spread out. There isn’t one network for you to get all of the content you need, you now have to rely on different networks to give different kinds of content.

Convergence:

• The concern that all media is accessible from one device.

DIsintermediation:

• The concern of a lack of gatekeepers, allowing content to reach the masses without being monitored.

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Media timeline

There are eight milestones in communication evolution:

·             Language –

• Information was passed down through generations verbally
• Only what could be remembered could withstand time
• When mankind shifted to more agricultural societies, there needed to be more effective methods of record keeping

·             Writing –

• Sign writing VS phonetic writing
  • Graphic images were assigned to meanings (Egyptian hieroglyphics, Chinese pictographs)
  • Symbols were created that could be strung together to create words, sentences, and phrases (alphabet letters)
  • The Phoenicians created the first alphabet but the Romans are credited for our current 26 letter structure
• Clay VS paper
  • Egyptians wrote on woven papyrus
  • Greeks used parchment
  • Chinese used tree bark
• Writing created a social hierarchy of those who were literate and those who were not
• Laws could be facilitated easier
• Knowledge could be passed down through generations

·             Printing—

• Though early Asian variations of printing existed before 1453. Johann Gutenberg invented his movable metal type and revolutionize communication. Printing became cheap, quick, and error-free.

• Effects of the Gutenberg revolution   
  • helped standardize and popularize everyday languages, which led to the growth of nationalism in Europe in the middle ages
  • quick and easy access to information to a wider range of people
  • increase in literacy because more books were made
  • generated new schools of social and religious doctrines during the Reformation Era
  • accelerated publications of scientific research
  • published maps and geographical information to help early explorations
  • profound effect on the growth of accumulated knowledge
  • led to the current concept of “news”
• Technology and Cultural Change
  • Too much credit given to a specific technology, we risk viewing social development through the narrow lens of technological determinism.
  • moderate position might suggest that technology functions with various social, economic, and cultural forces to help bring about those changes
  • moveable type marked the start of what we generally define as mass communication, critical event in Western History     

·             Telegraph/telephone—

• Telegraph was the first device that made possible instantaneous point-to-point communication at huge distances
• Sent codes across wires using electric currents, specifically Morse Code
• Telephone came soon after, linking people by voice
• Quickly became a must-have in all homes due to ability to offer networking and private communications

·             Photography

• Two inventions were needed to make photography a reality:

. a way to focus light rays from a subject onto a surface

. a way to permanently store (and copy) those images

• In the 16th century artists discovered that they could project an inverted image of a subject in the end of a dark box through a pinhole at the other end of the box, a device called the camera obscura (dark chamber).
• Photography also affected art. Photography freed artists to interpret the world and events in new and unique ways.
• Enabled people to create a permanent record of their personal histories.
• Easy to publish photographs in magazines and newspapers, creating a new profession—photojournalism.
• Americans could now see, rather than have to read, newsworthy events.

Motion Pictures

• Only the large companies who could afford to produce feature length films survived
• Forever altered our concept of leisure time activities
• Mass culture of idolized film stars, movie images, and popularized portrayals of model “American” values and cultural icons was created.

·             Radio

• Radio transmitted messages through tower signals (radio waves)
• TV did the same, provided visuals
• One-way communication (viewers could not directly respond to content)
• Helped launch creation of “pop music” concept
• First medium aimed at children because of a viable commercial market
• Radio news was introduced in the 1930s-40s because of serious world events
• Became prime source for news

Television

• Started in the early 1950s
• Americans spent more and more time in front of a television set
• TV sets are in 99% of American homes

·             Digital media/handheld devices--

• Linked together using wireless technology
• Interconnection allows users to hook into the worldwide phone networks/Internet

• Allowed audiences to watch/listen away from home/work
• Allowed audiences to interact with each other
• “   “    “    “    “   “    “    respond to content provided by corporations/networks
• Allow for mobile parenting
• TIME SOFTENING (“I’m running late” “Oh ok”)
• Allowed audiences to organize illegal activities
• Distraction from everyday life (driving, face-to-face communication)

Cate Tauriello
Ithaca College '19
B.S. in Communications, Television-Radio
ctauriello1@ithaca.edu

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Why does media exist in the US? Media exists to make money

How is media different from other countries? Less restrictive because of freedom of the press

Networks: - they purchase programs from TV production houses to air on their affiliate stations, then sells commercial times and inserts those commercials into the programs they transmit to their affiliates.

    Parent Companies:
        ABC -> Disney
        NBC -> Universal

        CBS -> Paramount
        Fox -> 20th Century Fox
        CW -> Warner Bros
                    Sony

Affiliates: - promises to broadcast a network's programming line up; they receive direct payments from the networks along with some advertising spots to sell.

Studios: Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, 20th Century Fox Pictures, Warner Bros, Sony...

Syndicators: - an exclusive agent who represents a producer's show to all the TV stations that are constantly shopping around for a product. Receives money via barter sales or they could get a cut of the station license fee

Advertisers: - advertising income finances broadcast media content and supports the commercial broadcast industry.  

*most expensive parts of day for advertising are prime time and fringe

Systems

Commercial: - relies solely on advertising
Cable/Satellite: - combination of subscription fees and advertising
Public: - relies on funding from CPB, viewers like you and contributions from foundations

Nielsen Media Research: provides TV ratings

- Share = only TVs that are on (percentage of TVs on)
- Rating = all households with TV (percentage of households)

PRICES for commercials during these shows:

top overall show: sunday night football ->$637,000

top cable show: the walking dead -> $502,000

top comedy: Big Bang Theory ->$290,000

top broadcast show: Empire ->$522,000

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Advertising Overview and AppInventor

Steps to an Advertising Campaign:

1. Choosing the marketing strategy: This means to position your product. For example if your product was iced tea, your area of competition would be other soft drinks. 
2. Selecting Main Appeal or Theme: Something to identify your product by like a mascot, jingle, etc. Something to make your product more appealing.
3. Translating Theme to Various Media: There are 6 ways to translate your theme: TV commercial, radio commercial, colored ad, black and white ad, a billboard, or online. 
4. Producing the Ads: Radio ads are often created with scripts, sound effects, music, and professional voice talent. Television ad production starts with a storyboard, a series of drawings depicting key scenes of the planned ad and are usually shown to the client before any actual production begins. Television ads are the most expensive ads to produce, a 30-second commercial can easily cost more than $400,000.
5. Buying space/time for ads: Agencies buying commercials they deem most cost effective for their product. 
6. Executing and Evaluation the Campaign: To deliver your plan to the client and see how effective the ads were on the sales of the product. 

AppInventor

Designer 

Palette: Initial screen of app inventor where various elements of an app are found. You can design what the app will look like.

Viewer: How the app will look on the phone.

Components: things we’ve added

Properties: Where we change how things look and sound like on the app.

Blocks

Built in drawers, for all coding the first must be event handlers, then the inside must be setters and getters.

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Golden Age for Women in TV

2013-2014 only 15.1 percent of executive producer credits went to women, down from 18.6 percent in 2011-2012

Number of women in TV has basically flatlined since 2001

TV vs Internet: Who Will Win?

• As content is turning to the internet, advertising is following
  • as audiences migrate away from live television, Netflix and Amazon are training viewers to expect entertainment without the interruption of ads.
  • Consumers have constant access to the internet, not to their televisions
• Other opinions state that moving towards the internet is a trend that will die out

TV 2015- The Future in Questions

- Deals with the future of the TV industry such as what the viewers find what is good for them, ways to find televison shows that matches their interest.

-Its harder to get people to pay for something to watch tv when they pay nothing to watch what their getting.

TV 2015- 5 Lessons Learned from Premiere Week

• “The Big Four's primetime ratings among adults 18-to-49 dropped 13 percent, year to year.”
  • “Schedules still matter,” the time slot a show is in affects the amount of viewers it gets, the shows it follows also have an affect
  • “Awareness won’t always help reboots,” just because a show is a reboot doesn’t mean it will be successful
  • Social media attention does not relate to number of shows
  • It takes about 30 days to get a full picture of the success of a show, the executives are looking for “growth potential more than anything else.” Same day ratings mean little.

TV vs Film, Part I

• expresses the threats of the film industry with the use of video streaming and on demand and other media distribution
• Concern of loss of subscribers from the cable network

TV vs Film, Part II  

- Television is torching film at major media companies

-”For television, the increase in the number of cable networks and video streaming services has created fresh opportunities to leverage hit programming through syndication.”

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TR 1:10 p.m. Study Resource Material

Historical and cultural context

·            7 milestones in development of human communication:

o   printing

o   telegraph and telephone

o   photography and motion pictures

o   radio and television

o   digital media

o   mobile media

o   social media

·            First printing press was developed in Germany by Johann Gutenberg. This made it possible for large groups of people to communicate with each other

·            Telegraph and telephone linked people together for the first time in an instant communication network.

·            Photography and motion pictures provided a way to reserve history

·            Radio and TV brought news ad entertainment into homes and had an impact on culture, entertainment, and socialization.

·            Digital revolution changed the way info is stored and transmitted

·            Mobile media changed American culture and took over some of the functions of mass media

·            Social Media is the next milestone of media

Technological Determinism: The belief that technology drives historical change

Photojournalism: Profession that uses photographs to report news

Digital technology: System that encodes info, sound, text, data, graphics, and video into a series of on and off pulses that are usually denoted as zeroes and ones.

Mobile Parenting: Gives parents a way to keep track and communicate with their children

Time Softening: having the ability to tell someone you’ll be late to something via cell phone.

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Perspectives on Mass Communication (blog + class + text)

Functions of the mass media:

Surveillance- The news and information role of the media.About 60 million Americans are exposed to mass communicated news every day.

ex.) people can look up the weather

Interpretation- Mass media doesn’t just supply facts and data but also provides information on the overall meaning and significance of events.

· Media gatekeepers decide what makes it and what doesn’t.

Linkage-

·  Mass media joins different elements of society that are not directly connected.

·  When groups are separated by geography share a common interest and are linked by media.

Transmission of values-

· Agent of socialization

· Socialization function refers to the ways and individual comes to adopt the behavior and values of a group.

·Through media we learn how people are supposed to act and what values are important.

· Consequences of this is media stereotypes; How does this media portray America?

Entertainment:

· motion pictures, sound recordings and Television; all primarily devoted to entertainment. For newspapers and magazines, some have little entertainment (ex. Forbes), while others focus on it (Cosmo)

· importance of entertainment function has grown as americans have accumulated more leisure time

· media can make entertainment carried to a large number of people at a relatively low cost  

· turning americans into watch-ers instead of do-ers

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Advertising Overview:

Typical Steps to an Advertising Campaign:

Certain Students Take Pride Being Educated

1. Choosing the marketing agency

-Research is done to determine the target audience and marketing objective

-Position the product

-Positioning is fitting a product into the quality and price range of its competition 

2. Selecting the main appeal or THEME

-Coordinating and developing theme into campaign

3. Translating the theme into various media

-Variating concept into media without compromising ads original theme

4. Producing the ads

5. Buying space and time

-Marketing department chooses time that is most cost effective

6. Executing and Evaluating the campaign

-Test research for both ads and sales

Advertising Research:

• Happens during all phases of an ad campaign

• During the initial stages of an ad campaign, research helps guide creative efforts

• 3 different kinds of research:

-Audience Defining: when you identify physical demographics of target audience

-Audience Profiling: when you seek to identify attitudes, motivations, beliefs and lifestyles

-Message Research

• 2 stages to research

-Stage 1: pre-testing campaign messages for clarity and understanding

-Stage 2: screening print and broadcast ad prototypes

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Communication: Mass and Other Forms

Elements in the communication Process:

1.     Source

·         The “sender”

·         The one that initiates the communication process

2.     Encoding

·         The sender translates thoughts into ideas

·         The production of the message so it can be perceived

3.     Message

·         The actual content

·         Can be short and simple or long and complex

·         Can cost money to produce or not

4.     Channel

·         The way the message travels to the receiver (through the senses)

o   Lightwaves 

o   Sound waves (voice)

o   Air currents

o   Touch

o   Television/radio/internet

5.     Decoding

·         How the message is viewed by the person who receives it

·         Both people and machines can be decoders

·         Some messages can have a lot of decoding stages

6.     Receiver

·         The target of the message (audience)

o   A small group, an individual, or a large collection of people

·         Targeted or self-selected

Feedback=response from the receiver

·         Positive feedbackà keeps the current message

·         Negative feedbackà changes message or ends it

·         Immediate feedback vs. Delayed

o   The quicker the feedback, the source can change to reduce the noise

Noise=something that impedes the messages

·         Physical-airplane, baby crying, dog barking

·         Physiological- something going on with your body (fever, being tired)

·         Psychological- something you are thinking about, wandering mind that prevents you from paying attention

·         Semantic- just not understanding the meaning (Ex. Language Barrier, unknown vocab)

·         Technological/mechanical- phone call drops, computer freezes, etc.

Types of Communication

INTRApersonal=Communication with YOURSELF

INTERpersonal=face-to-face communication

Small group: around 5-7 people

The Major Mass Media

Print	Electronic
Newspaper Magazine Books	TV Radio Movies Internet Sound Recording [Video Games]

Public communication

·         One source talking to an audience in REAL TIME

o   Ex. Lecture, speech

Mass Communications

·         Big company communicating with the masses

·         Some kind of technological device to broadcast it millions simultaneously 

Common characteristics of traditional mass media:

1.      Complex organizations (Big companies like NBC, Disney, Etc.)

2.      Multiple gatekeepers

a.       System that lets certain messages out, and certain people in

3.      Need a lot of money to operate $$$$$$

4.      Exists to make a profit $$$$$$$

5.      Very competitive (other companies broadcasting messages)

Future of mass media

·         Convergences-two media converging into one

o   Ex. Cell Phones can make phone calls, go on internet, play games, etc.

·         Disintermediation-no gatekeepers

·         Segmentation- mass communication is beginning to be more selective

o   Ex. There is an increase in media outlets

§  So you can get your news from a newspaper, twitter, TV, website etc.

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REVIEW FOR TUESDAY

TV vs. Movies I

The relationship between cinema and the public is hitting a rough patch, even though revenue is at an all time high, the amount of people going to the movies is lowest since 1997. Major studios are shutting down and DVD sales are sinking while video on demand, Internet streaming, and other forms of digital distribution is on the rise. In the past, when television took over the scene in the 50s, movies retaliated with color and wide screen format. The problem is that it’s too expensive to afford tickets. Movies also tend to cater to specific demographics rather than the mass audience as a whole. When will the next movie come out that caters to the mass movie-going audience as a whole? Film and television have reversed roles in the sense that television shows have become more daring and unique, while movies are become more cautious and subdued. Television takes more chances than movies and that’s where movies are falling behind. The movies that try to cater to a smaller audience will fall short compared to the movies made for everyone, or more daringly, no one.

TV vs. Movies II

Television has been driving major profits in comparison to movies. In Viacom’s annual report, out of the $3.71 billion income they made in 2011, 92% of that money came from television. 65% of Disney’s operating income in 2011 came from television (only 6.5% came from movies) The increase in cable networks and video streaming services provide new opportunities for programs to get through syndication. Movies are becoming more expensive to produce and market, ticket sales become inflated and plummet and attendance declines. There’s simply more stability in television than film.

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Hikari Leon, Josh Tehrani, Andrew Carey, Adam Parks

(TVR 12400 01 FA15)

Jack Powers

October 8, 2015

Television 2015: The Future in Questions

1. How do viewers find what’s good?:  Traditional recommendations came from newspaper columns and from general interest web sites. “Recommended for you” generators are also a good way to recommend shows but because information from different services lies in different places, the data can be a little flawed. The need for good matchmaking between content and people still remain.
2. What kind of viewing numbers are meaningful?: Viewing numbers are difficult to measure considering the multiple media that are present for people to watch content. Nielsen Ratings have been a cultural measure of what’s popular and a measure of what’s making money. These numbers are still too general and vague to get the true measures for culture and business.
3. What is the best version of fan Engagement?: Social Media can be both a good things and a bad thing. It can be good with generating buzz for a show but bad because it can seem that show makers are trying too hard to promote their shows. Social Media also allows for interaction between the viewer and the show.
4. What about the never-pay problem?: Cable companies are unpopular for poor customer service, resentment over lack of choice providers, discontent over bundling, and rising bill prices. This has led to people only paying for internet service and then torrenting the content that they would like to view.
5. What’s the role of a network?: Networks are very big in being involved with the quality control of the content that is produced, that is the downside to Netflix not getting too involved with the production of their shows.
6. What is success?: There is a very different opinion of succes. Sometimes it is defined as when a show premiers, does well, and then stops at its peak. Other times a show doesn’t have to be insanely popular but if it boosted careers and made money it can be considered successful. “A creative work gets made, it connects with people who get something for it, and it ends.”

Schedule Significance, Tweet Trouble: 5 Lessons Learned From Premiere Week:

1. Each network had at least one win but the Big Four’s (CBS, ABC, Fox, NBC) primetime ratings among adults 18-to-49 dropped 13 percent, year to year.
2. Schedules Still Matter: Audiences are declining but plenty of people still watch TV the old fashioned way - scheduling is still relevant. The show Rosewood, which received abysmal reviews still garnered a 2.8 rating in the key demo over three days due to its adjacency to the show Empire. The thursday lineup remains lucrative for ABC, as does the net’s four-pack of sitcoms the night before.
3. Blaming Doesn’t Work: Many of the programs that ran blamed the like-mindedness of other programs running for their lack of success. An example of this was Fox’s Minority Report falling victim to Scorpion on CBS.  ABC’s Blood and Oil was ineffective against football. Another excuse was that two-hour premieres feel like work and therefore received fewer viewers.
4. Awareness Won’t Always help Reboots: Familiar titles topped the list of shows viewers knew about going into the fall, but that didn’t translate to an audience. The Muppets premiere delivered a 3.8 three-day rating with adults 18-49 for ABC. Minority Report, which is executive produced by Steven Spielberg, slid to a 0.9 same day showing in its second episode. Fox Television Group CEO Gary Newman believes that “having familiar IP is an advantage, and yet you’re held to the same standards as everything else you do.” It has become hard for the networks to generate familiar content that lives up to the expectations of viewers.
5. Social Media Cachet Is a Crapshoot: There doesn’t appear to be a very linear correlation between tweets and ratings. Empire performed very well registering 1.3 million tweets and a ridiculous 8.7 in the key demo and 22.5 multiplatform viewers. While the show Scream Queens trended prior to its premier and yet only had 4 million night-of viewers. Execs believe that the generation of buzz on social media is an indication of future success in syndication.
6. Patience Remains a Virtue (and a Luxury): Even the worst ratings are little indication to whether or not a show will remain on air. The fate of most scripted series isn’t decided without at least 30 days of multiplatform data. Programmers no longer look at same day numbers but rather look at growth potential more than anything else. Execs even go as far to say that “same day ratings are irrelevant and ‘ego gratification’”.

App Inventor

Designer:

• Palette - The App Inventor components are located on the left hand side of the Designer Window under the title Palette. These include: (User Interface, Layout, Media, Drawing and Animation, Sensors, Social, Storage, Connectivity)
• Viewer - To use a component in your app, you need to click and drag it onto the viewer in the middle of the designer. When you add a component to the Viewer, it will also appear in the components list on the right hand side of the Viewer.
• Components - Components are the basic elements you use to make apps on the Android phone. Components have properties that can be adjusted to change the way the component appears or behaves within the app. To view and change the properties of a component, you must first select the desired component in your list of components.
• Properties - Properties show ways that you can manipulate a component. Once you select the component you want to manipulate, you are given options such as (Alignment, Animation, Screen Orientation, Title, Font Size, Height, Width, Paint Color, Speed)

Blocks in App inventor

-Drawers- Clicking on the tabs that are under the word “Blocks” on the left hand side of the screen opens up the Drawers for that respective function.

-Event Handlers- Event Handlers always start with the word “when” you must drag them onto the screen in order for the app to actually function. They are found under the Drawers column.

-Setters- Setters are found under the Drawers as well. They connect to the Event Handlers and always start with the word “set.” They give the Event Handlers a function.

-Getters- Getters are found when you hover over the Orange letters or words such as x, y, edge and other variables. The getters connect to the setters and give the setters a function.

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Our group: The American TV System

Why do the media exist in the United States?

MONEY

Linkage - the fundamental function of media in America is linkage (you like two groups, television is made to link advertisers with consumers) networks sell access to an audience.

Transmission of Values - when the media shapes who you are and helps generate your ideas and values

Surveillance - Using the media to inform what's going on in the world.

Interpretation - When the media helps form an opinion on various events

Entertainment - How they receive our attention.

How are the media in the U.S. different from media outlets from around the world?

In the U.S no aspect of the media is owned by the government, while most media outlets around the world are government property.  U.S media is also more money driven than media around the world.

Commercial broadcast network system

Network - Ran by a production studio

Broadcast networks are the channels you get without cable/satellite system.

(ABC, NBC, CBS, FOX, CW)

Affiliates - Local outlets, usually of the 5 major networks. There are 210 markets.

Studios - Production Studios are the studios that make all the shows and movies we watch.

BIG 6 studios are Disney, Universal, 20th Century Fox, Sony, Paramount, Warner Bros

Studios sell the shows to the networks, usually their own networks, but sometimes they'll sell to other networks if the show fits better on that network.

Syndicators - They auction off shows to every market in a country but only for a year and at the end of that year they'll do it again. They usually try to sell around 100 episodes to the markets. No show that has ever gone into syndication has ever gone out of syndication.

Advertisers - Advertisers get their money from selling their products to consumers who sell their commercials. Advertisers are responsible for lots of the income made by companies.

Cable/Satellite television system

You pay you a monthly fee to a Cable/Satellite provider, such as Comcast, in order to receive shows like ESPN, TBS, USA, TNT, and then Cable provider pays those channels in order to air them.

Public television system

Owned by a private corporation, that receives little funding from the government. It cannot be bought and has no network ties. PBS is the example.

How do Networks make their money? Advertising, their goals are to sell commercials and make profits that exceed their overhead costs .

How do affiliates make their money? Paid by Networks, Produce Original News (highly profitable), Buy Syndicated shows/show re runs and sell commercials to make money back for the price of the rerun

How do Syndicators make their money? Sell off packages of TV shows around the nation. Make money simply making a commotion. Get 10% of everything they sell.

How do Cable/Sat. make their money?  Subscription fees  (bread and butter), commercials

How does Public TV make money? Public TV is owned by the Corporation of Public Broadcasting (private corporation, but supported in part by federal taxes [less than 10%]) controls NPR and PBS

Nielsen media research (Share vs. Rating)

 A Nielsen Rating is usual has one number over another (like 5.2/14 for example). The top number is the rating and the bottom number is the share.

The rating (number on top) is the estimated percentage of Nielsen households that watched the given show. The share is the percentage of all their people watching that specific show, or all of the Nielsen families watching TV at that time.

Ad rates: Sunday Night Football - $637,330, Empire - $521,794, The Walking Dead - $502,500, The Big Bang Theory - 289,621

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