Historical and cultural context
· 7 milestones in development of human communication:
o printing
o telegraph and telephone
o photography and motion pictures
o radio and television
o digital media
o mobile media
o social media
· First printing press was developed in Germany by Johann Gutenberg. This made it possible for large groups of people to communicate with each other
· Telegraph and telephone linked people together for the first time in an instant communication network.
· Photography and motion pictures provided a way to reserve history
· Radio and TV brought news ad entertainment into homes and had an impact on culture, entertainment, and socialization.
· Digital revolution changed the way info is stored and transmitted
· Mobile media changed American culture and took over some of the functions of mass media
· Social Media is the next milestone of media
Technological Determinism: The belief that technology drives historical change
Photojournalism: Profession that uses photographs to report news
Digital technology: System that encodes info, sound, text, data, graphics, and video into a series of on and off pulses that are usually denoted as zeroes and ones.
Mobile Parenting: Gives parents a way to keep track and communicate with their children
Time Softening: having the ability to tell someone you’ll be late to something via cell phone.
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Perspectives on Mass Communication (blog + class + text)
Functions
of the mass media:
Surveillance- The news and information role of the media.About 60 million Americans are exposed to mass communicated news every day.
ex.) people can look up the weather
Interpretation- Mass media doesn’t just supply facts and data
but also provides information on the overall meaning and significance of
events.
· Media gatekeepers decide what makes it and what doesn’t.
Linkage-
· Mass media joins different elements of society
that are not directly connected.
· When groups are separated by geography share a
common interest and are linked by media.
Transmission
of values-
· Agent of socialization
· Socialization function refers to the ways and individual comes to adopt
the behavior and values of a group.
·Through media we learn how people are supposed to
act and what values are important.
· Consequences of this is media stereotypes; How
does this media portray America?
Entertainment:
· motion pictures, sound recordings and Television;
all primarily devoted to entertainment. For newspapers and magazines, some have
little entertainment (ex. Forbes), while others focus on it (Cosmo)
· importance of entertainment function has grown as
americans have accumulated more leisure time
· media can make entertainment carried to a large
number of people at a relatively low cost
· turning americans into watch-ers instead of
do-ers
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Advertising Overview:
Typical Steps to an Advertising Campaign:
Certain Students Take Pride Being Educated
1. Choosing the marketing agency
-Research is done to determine the target audience and marketing objective
-Position the product
-Positioning is fitting a product into the quality and price range of its competition
2. Selecting the main appeal or THEME
-Coordinating and developing theme into campaign
3. Translating the theme into various media
-Variating concept into media without compromising ads original theme
4. Producing the ads
5. Buying space and time
-Marketing department chooses time that is most cost effective
6. Executing and Evaluating the campaign
-Test research for both ads and sales
Advertising Research:
- Happens during all phases of an ad campaign
- During the initial stages of an ad campaign, research helps guide creative efforts
- 3 different kinds of research:
-Audience Defining: when you identify physical demographics of target audience
-Audience Profiling: when you seek to identify attitudes, motivations, beliefs and lifestyles
-Message Research
- 2 stages to research
-Stage 1: pre-testing campaign messages for clarity and understanding
-Stage 2: screening print and broadcast ad prototypes
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Communication: Mass and Other Forms
Elements in the communication Process:
1. Source
· The “sender”
· The one that initiates the communication process
2. Encoding
· The sender translates thoughts into ideas
· The production of the message so it can be perceived
3. Message
· The actual content
· Can be short and simple or long and complex
· Can cost money to produce or not
4. Channel
· The way the message travels to the receiver (through the senses)
o Lightwaves
o Sound waves (voice)
o Air currents
o Touch
o Television/radio/internet
5. Decoding
· How the message is viewed by the person who receives it
· Both people and machines can be decoders
· Some messages can have a lot of decoding stages
6. Receiver
· The target of the message (audience)
o A small group, an individual, or a large collection of people
· Targeted or self-selected
Feedback=response from the receiver
· Positive feedbackà keeps the current message
· Negative feedbackà changes message or ends it
· Immediate feedback vs. Delayed
o The quicker the feedback, the source can change to reduce the noise
Noise=something that impedes the messages
· Physical-airplane, baby crying, dog barking
· Physiological- something going on with your body (fever, being tired)
· Psychological- something you are thinking about, wandering mind that prevents you from paying attention
· Semantic- just not understanding the meaning (Ex. Language Barrier, unknown vocab)
· Technological/mechanical- phone call drops, computer freezes, etc.
Types of Communication
INTRApersonal=Communication with YOURSELF
INTERpersonal=face-to-face communication
Small group: around 5-7 people
The Major Mass Media
Print
|
Electronic
|
Newspaper
Magazine
Books
|
TV
Radio
Movies
Internet
Sound Recording
[Video Games]
|
Public communication
· One source talking to an audience in REAL TIME
o Ex. Lecture, speech
Mass Communications
· Big company communicating with the masses
· Some kind of technological device to broadcast it millions simultaneously
Common characteristics of traditional mass media:
1. Complex organizations (Big companies like NBC, Disney, Etc.)
2. Multiple gatekeepers
a. System that lets certain messages out, and certain people in
3. Need a lot of money to operate $$$$$$
4. Exists to make a profit $$$$$$$
5. Very competitive (other companies broadcasting messages)
Future of mass media
· Convergences-two media converging into one
o Ex. Cell Phones can make phone calls, go on internet, play games, etc.
· Disintermediation-no gatekeepers
· Segmentation- mass communication is beginning to be more selective
o Ex. There is an increase in media outlets
§ So you can get your news from a newspaper, twitter, TV, website etc.
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REVIEW FOR TUESDAY
TV vs. Movies I
The relationship between cinema and the public is hitting a rough patch, even though revenue is at an all time high, the amount of people going to the movies is lowest since 1997. Major studios are shutting down and DVD sales are sinking while video on demand, Internet streaming, and other forms of digital distribution is on the rise. In the past, when television took over the scene in the 50s, movies retaliated with color and wide screen format. The problem is that it’s too expensive to afford tickets. Movies also tend to cater to specific demographics rather than the mass audience as a whole. When will the next movie come out that caters to the mass movie-going audience as a whole? Film and television have reversed roles in the sense that television shows have become more daring and unique, while movies are become more cautious and subdued. Television takes more chances than movies and that’s where movies are falling behind. The movies that try to cater to a smaller audience will fall short compared to the movies made for everyone, or more daringly, no one.
TV vs. Movies II
Television has been driving major profits in comparison to movies. In Viacom’s annual report, out of the $3.71 billion income they made in 2011, 92% of that money came from television. 65% of Disney’s operating income in 2011 came from television (only 6.5% came from movies) The increase in cable networks and video streaming services provide new opportunities for programs to get through syndication. Movies are becoming more expensive to produce and market, ticket sales become inflated and plummet and attendance declines. There’s simply more stability in television than film.
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Hikari Leon, Josh Tehrani, Andrew Carey, Adam Parks
(TVR 12400 01 FA15)
Jack Powers
October 8, 2015
Television 2015: The Future in Questions
- How do viewers find what’s good?: Traditional recommendations came from newspaper columns and from general interest web sites. “Recommended for you” generators are also a good way to recommend shows but because information from different services lies in different places, the data can be a little flawed. The need for good matchmaking between content and people still remain.
- What kind of viewing numbers are meaningful?: Viewing numbers are difficult to measure considering the multiple media that are present for people to watch content. Nielsen Ratings have been a cultural measure of what’s popular and a measure of what’s making money. These numbers are still too general and vague to get the true measures for culture and business.
- What is the best version of fan Engagement?: Social Media can be both a good things and a bad thing. It can be good with generating buzz for a show but bad because it can seem that show makers are trying too hard to promote their shows. Social Media also allows for interaction between the viewer and the show.
- What about the never-pay problem?: Cable companies are unpopular for poor customer service, resentment over lack of choice providers, discontent over bundling, and rising bill prices. This has led to people only paying for internet service and then torrenting the content that they would like to view.
- What’s the role of a network?: Networks are very big in being involved with the quality control of the content that is produced, that is the downside to Netflix not getting too involved with the production of their shows.
- What is success?: There is a very different opinion of succes. Sometimes it is defined as when a show premiers, does well, and then stops at its peak. Other times a show doesn’t have to be insanely popular but if it boosted careers and made money it can be considered successful. “A creative work gets made, it connects with people who get something for it, and it ends.”
Schedule Significance, Tweet Trouble: 5 Lessons Learned From Premiere Week:
- Each network had at least one win but the Big Four’s (CBS, ABC, Fox, NBC) primetime ratings among adults 18-to-49 dropped 13 percent, year to year.
- Schedules Still Matter: Audiences are declining but plenty of people still watch TV the old fashioned way - scheduling is still relevant. The show Rosewood, which received abysmal reviews still garnered a 2.8 rating in the key demo over three days due to its adjacency to the show Empire. The thursday lineup remains lucrative for ABC, as does the net’s four-pack of sitcoms the night before.
- Blaming Doesn’t Work: Many of the programs that ran blamed the like-mindedness of other programs running for their lack of success. An example of this was Fox’s Minority Report falling victim to Scorpion on CBS. ABC’s Blood and Oil was ineffective against football. Another excuse was that two-hour premieres feel like work and therefore received fewer viewers.
- Awareness Won’t Always help Reboots: Familiar titles topped the list of shows viewers knew about going into the fall, but that didn’t translate to an audience. The Muppets premiere delivered a 3.8 three-day rating with adults 18-49 for ABC. Minority Report, which is executive produced by Steven Spielberg, slid to a 0.9 same day showing in its second episode. Fox Television Group CEO Gary Newman believes that “having familiar IP is an advantage, and yet you’re held to the same standards as everything else you do.” It has become hard for the networks to generate familiar content that lives up to the expectations of viewers.
- Social Media Cachet Is a Crapshoot: There doesn’t appear to be a very linear correlation between tweets and ratings. Empire performed very well registering 1.3 million tweets and a ridiculous 8.7 in the key demo and 22.5 multiplatform viewers. While the show Scream Queens trended prior to its premier and yet only had 4 million night-of viewers. Execs believe that the generation of buzz on social media is an indication of future success in syndication.
- Patience Remains a Virtue (and a Luxury): Even the worst ratings are little indication to whether or not a show will remain on air. The fate of most scripted series isn’t decided without at least 30 days of multiplatform data. Programmers no longer look at same day numbers but rather look at growth potential more than anything else. Execs even go as far to say that “same day ratings are irrelevant and ‘ego gratification’”.
App Inventor
Designer:
- Palette - The App Inventor components are located on the left hand side of the Designer Window under the title Palette. These include: (User Interface, Layout, Media, Drawing and Animation, Sensors, Social, Storage, Connectivity)
- Viewer - To use a component in your app, you need to click and drag it onto the viewer in the middle of the designer. When you add a component to the Viewer, it will also appear in the components list on the right hand side of the Viewer.
- Components - Components are the basic elements you use to make apps on the Android phone. Components have properties that can be adjusted to change the way the component appears or behaves within the app. To view and change the properties of a component, you must first select the desired component in your list of components.
- Properties - Properties show ways that you can manipulate a component. Once you select the component you want to manipulate, you are given options such as (Alignment, Animation, Screen Orientation, Title, Font Size, Height, Width, Paint Color, Speed)
Blocks in App inventor
-Drawers- Clicking on the tabs that are under the word “Blocks” on the left hand side of the screen opens up the Drawers for that respective function.
-Event Handlers- Event Handlers always start with the word “when” you must drag them onto the screen in order for the app to actually function. They are found under the Drawers column.
-Setters- Setters are found under the Drawers as well. They connect to the Event Handlers and always start with the word “set.” They give the Event Handlers a function.
-Getters- Getters are found when you hover over the Orange letters or words such as x, y, edge and other variables. The getters connect to the setters and give the setters a function.
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Our group: The American TV System
Why do the media exist in the United States?
MONEY
Linkage - the fundamental function of media in America is linkage (you like two groups, television is made to link advertisers with consumers) networks sell access to an audience.
Transmission of Values - when the media shapes who you are and helps generate your ideas and values
Surveillance - Using the media to inform what's going on in the world.
Interpretation - When the media helps form an opinion on various events
Entertainment - How they receive our attention.
How are the media in the U.S. different from media outlets from around the world?
In the U.S no aspect of the media is owned by the government, while most media outlets around the world are government property. U.S media is also more money driven than media around the world.
Commercial broadcast network system
Network - Ran by a production studio
Broadcast networks are the channels you get without cable/satellite system.
(ABC, NBC, CBS, FOX, CW)
Affiliates - Local outlets, usually of the 5 major networks. There are 210 markets.
Studios - Production Studios are the studios that make all the shows and movies we watch.
BIG 6 studios are Disney, Universal, 20th Century Fox, Sony, Paramount, Warner Bros
Studios sell the shows to the networks, usually their own networks, but sometimes they'll sell to other networks if the show fits better on that network.
Syndicators - They auction off shows to every market in a country but only for a year and at the end of that year they'll do it again. They usually try to sell around 100 episodes to the markets. No show that has ever gone into syndication has ever gone out of syndication.
Advertisers - Advertisers get their money from selling their products to consumers who sell their commercials. Advertisers are responsible for lots of the income made by companies.
Cable/Satellite television system
You pay you a monthly fee to a Cable/Satellite provider, such as Comcast, in order to receive shows like ESPN, TBS, USA, TNT, and then Cable provider pays those channels in order to air them.
Public television system
Owned by a private corporation, that receives little funding from the government. It cannot be bought and has no network ties. PBS is the example.
How do Networks make their money? Advertising, their goals are to sell commercials and make profits that exceed their overhead costs .
How do affiliates make their money? Paid by Networks, Produce Original News (highly profitable), Buy Syndicated shows/show re runs and sell commercials to make money back for the price of the rerun
How do Syndicators make their money? Sell off packages of TV shows around the nation. Make money simply making a commotion. Get 10% of everything they sell.
How do Cable/Sat. make their money? Subscription fees (bread and butter), commercials
How does Public TV make money? Public TV is owned by the Corporation of Public Broadcasting (private corporation, but supported in part by federal taxes [less than 10%]) controls NPR and PBS
Nielsen media research (Share vs. Rating)
A Nielsen Rating is usual has one number over another (like 5.2/14 for example). The top number is the rating and the bottom number is the share.
The rating (number on top) is the estimated percentage of Nielsen households that watched the given show. The share is the percentage of all their people watching that specific show, or all of the Nielsen families watching TV at that time.
Ad rates: Sunday Night Football - $637,330, Empire - $521,794, The Walking Dead - $502,500, The Big Bang Theory - 289,621
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