Hi Jack! Here are the notes from my group.
-Riley Ludwig
Communication: Mass and Other Forms (blog + class + text)
Elements in the communication process
-source: what the content originated from
-encoding: how the content is presented
-message: what the content is
-channel: how the content is distributed
-decoding: how the content is understood
-receiver: who’s receiving the content
-feedback: a response from the receiver toward the source
-noise: anything disrupting the content
The major mass media- print (newspapers, magazines, books) or electronic (television, radio, internet, movies, sound recordings, video games)
Intrapersonal communication: communication within yourself (thinking)
Interpersonal communication: communication between two people
Small Group communication: communication between multiple people (con: group think, where one person proposes a bad idea and everyone else agrees, Wringleman Effect: lack of division of labor)
Public communication: one person to many in real time
Mass communication: one person to many through a mediated device (television, radio, etc.)
Common characteristics of traditional mass media outlets
-complex and formal: divisions of specialized labor, bureaucracy
-multiple gatekeepers: who has control over what content is distributed (more gatekeepers with a more complex organization)
-need vast cash to operate: millions of dollars to produce content= media consolidation
-exist to make a profit: make more than you spend
-highly competitive: many production groups, but only so much money in the world
Future of mass media (segmentation, convergence, disintermediation)
· Segmentation: media has become more specialized for certain audiences
· Convergence: coming together in some form to become more efficient (corporate, operational, device)
· Disintermediation: eliminating the middle man (using Twitter to learn about current events or news)
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Perspective on Mass Communication
Surveillance: The media warns us of every type of news
Interpretation: The way the viewers interpret the news interpretation of the news
Linkage: Bring Groups of people together between media. Most important element of Mass communication
Transmission Value: Socialization - The exchange of personal beliefs and emforcement of social norms
Entertainment: Without entertainment we can't have media.
Categories of the uses and gratification approach
Cognition: we use media to keep up the news
Diversion: Use media to escape reality. Escape into. Escape from.
Social Utility: Para social relationships and conversational currency - able to talk to someone about media.
Withdrawal: when you take your self out of society.
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Understanding TV Systems
- Why do the media exist in the United States?
- News (people care about what’s happening nearby/around the world)
- Entertainment (provides a stress reliever/satisfaction/people can share excitement)
- Interaction with people (talk/share media with each other)
- How are the media in the U.S different from media outlets from around the world?
- no government regulation, different audiences, different types of programming,
- Commercial Broadcast Network System
- Networks- ABC, NBC, Fox, CBS, CW
- Studios- Disney, Warner Bros, Paramount, Universal, 20th Century Fox, SONY
- Affiliates- DMA (designated marketing area) there is 210
- Syndicators- (sell TV shows around the world), all the money comes from this, it’s everything TV
- Advertisers- (pay for everything), generate revenue
- Studios make money through syndication
- Syndication: process of selling a show to a different network
- Networks make money by selling TV commercials
- Affiliates make money by networks (in payments) for airing programs, produce local news
- Syndicators get 10% of whatever they sell
- Advertisers sell products and get money
- Cable/Satellite Television System
- ex. USA, TNT, ESPN
- makes most of its money through subscription fees
- median cost is $200 per month (per household)
- selling commercials is the other way they make money
- they have advertisers, syndicators, and cable companies
- Comcast and Time Warner are the 2 biggest cable companies
- Public Television System
- PBS (public broadcast system)
- private station supported by tax dollars
- corporation for public broadcasting→ private corporation
- Nielsen Media Research Company
- provides TV ratings to the entire country
- shares= % of homes watching
- rating= % (households that watch→ % of homes that watch NOT people)
- shares are more important than ratings
- low rating, high share= profitable
- key demo age= 18-49
- key demo rating is more important than overall
- Major Networks/Parent Companies of each
- CBS = CBS corporation
- NBC = NBCUniversal
- ABC = Disney
- Ad Rates for the top shows in 2015
- Empire $521,794
- Sunday Night Football $637,330
- The Walking Dead $502,500
- The Big Bang Theory $289,621
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Rules of Language
1.Phonemic
· phoneme- sound we make
o English has 44 sounds
o smallest unit of sound
· morpheme- singular sounds/smallest unit with meaning attached
o shh
o mm
o o
o a
o I
2. Semantic
· what words mean
· must be in relation to the language
3. Syntax
· rules about grammar
· formal and informal rules
o 'who are you going with' vs 'with whom are you going'
o cannot end in preposition
· must follow the order of a language
o subject
o verb
o predicate
· word order matters
4. Pragmatic
· how we use language
o 'do you know what time it is' --> yes
o 'what time is it' --> 00:00
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7 Basic Steps to any Ad Campaign
1) Choose a marketing strategy.
· What’s the strategy for reaching as many people as you can?
2) Theme.
3) Translate your theme.
· (position your product)
4) Produces ads.
· Maybe using humor, as it goes a long way.
5) Space/time.
· Get a broker.
6) Execute.
7) Evaluate.
· Did it work? Did it not?
· Did it bring in money?
Ways to advertise
· Radio commercials
· Television commercials
· Print (newspaper ads, magazine ads, etc.)
· Local (park benches, bus stops, cars, etc.)
· Through product placement (movies, tv shows)
Steps to a Typical Ad Campaign
1. choosing the marketing agency
2. selecting the main appeal or theme
3. translating the theme into the various media
4. producing the ads (see above for ways to do that)
5. buying space and time
6. executing and evaluating the campaign
Ad research goes on during all phases of the campaign and helps agencies and their clients make informed decisions about their strategies and tactics.
App Inventor: A website designed for making program accessible to the masses.
Designer: A blueprint for a project used for implementing elements of the user interface.
Pallet: Found in the designer. Categorizes blocks by type, allowing user to drag objects into viewing screen.
Viewer: Visual representation of what is in the user interface
Components: A list of what objects are in the viewing screen. This is where you can select them and adjust their names and properties.
Properties: Place where you can adjust height, width, picture, speed, ect of objects selected.
Blocks: Preprogrammed code designed to seamlessly connect with other blocks
Drawers: categorizes block by functions
Event Handler: initializing blocks that trigger other blocks
Setters: define what will happen when event handler specific action occurs
Getters: allows for additional parameters to be set such as distances, locations, speed.
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Historical and Cultural Context
· Media time line- page 54
o language, writing, printing, telegraph/telephone, photography/motion pictures, radio/TV, digital media/handheld devices
o Highest rate of literacy: 1800s (enlightenment)
o Everything in media is an extension of the telegraph
· Importance of “writing”
o Writing creates division
§ People who can and cannot read
§ Stored info so it could be passed down among generations
· Printing
o China invented paper and block printing and moveable type
· Gutenberg Revolution
o Gutenberg invented printing press
§ Popularized common language
§ Spreads information easier and faster
§ led to the development of current concept of “news”
· Technological determinism
o the view that technology drives historical change
o a moderate position might suggest that technology functions with various social, economic, and cultural forces to help bring about those changes
· Significance of the telegraph to mass communication
o Telegraph= birth of electronic media
o Created instantaneous point-to-point communication at huge distances
o first technology to use digital signals—dots and dashes
o by 1850, almost every city on our Western frontier was linked with other cities
o in 1866, the U.S. laid a trans-Atlantic cable connecting America with Europe
o Privately owned, not gov’t regulated
· Cultural impact of radio and TV
o Radio
§ New entertainment genre develops- soap opera
§ Popularizes new music
§ First medium to introduce mass content aimed at children
§ Personalized news
§ 1930s-40s radio becomes prime source of American entertainment and news during early evening hours (prime time)
o TV
§ In 99% of all households
§ 3rd largest time consumer
§ share a national, even global, consciousness through the common visual icons provided by television
· Digital media (mobile parenting, time softening)
o the notion of what “community” means may have to be rethought, with relationships that can be formed on the basis of needs and interests rather than locale
o gets rid of middle man (gov’t can now directly reach the people)
o divides people that can afford and train to use technology and those who can’t
o mobile parenting- connected with your children through technology (ie: tracking)
o time softening- causes people to lose track of time and be less punctual (can you still be late if you are in contact?)
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Women in TV
The golden age of women on TV is not a trend but rather a spike
The number of female writers in the industry is disproportionally small compared to the number of female viewers.
There are similarities between the spike in women on TV in the 90s to the current one. For example, in the 90s “Golden Girls” “Designing Women” and “Cheers,” all shows that prominently featured women, were nominated for outstanding comedy series. It wasn’t until 30 Rock in 2006 that another show created by a woman reached that level.
In 2011/12 18.6% of executive producers were women where as in 2012/13 only 15.1 % of executive producers were women.
Since 2001 women’s employment in television has basically flat lined, hovering around 29%.
TV Vs Internet
Many other industries have been effected by the internet like music and news. TV has so far managed to avoid being effected much.
TV has learned from the mistakes of the music industry. Whereas the music industry is closely tied with youtube, the TV industry has not allowed TV to be effected the same way by YouTube. You cant watch copyrighted television content on YouTube.
TV revenues rose from 36 billion in 2000 to 93 billion in 2010.
According to Michael Wolf, people who drop cable for Netflix do not significantly hurt cable companies because those same companies provide the internet to people and with no internet there is no Netflix. He also says that many people still enjoy waiting week to week for new episodes and because of that, conventional TV will always be around.
Future In Questions
Ratings are more difficult to obtain because so many people are watching on demand or DVR or Hulu and various other platforms besides live television. This also makes it more difficult to determine commercial success.
A new qualifier for how well a show is doing is how well its doing on social media (twitter activity, trending, live tweeting.) This often leads to mass social media campaigns encouraging people to tweet about shows that when “too forced” often fail.
People have turned away from mainstream sources to get content for free from the “black market.” A big issue for cable companies, networks, and advertisers is convincing people not to turn to these sources.
Often shows that are really well received and well loved like Arrested Development, are cancelled.
Things We Learned From Premiere Season
Schedules still matter. When shows premiere still highly effect how many people watch it, even in the age of Netflix and Hulu.
Shows based on movies or other shows (like Limitless, Minority Report and Heroes Reborn) cant coast on familiarity. Although Limitless is doing pretty well Minority Report and Heroes Reborn are not.
The link between TV and social media is stronger than ever. Twitter especially is a very powerful tool for selling a TV show and monitoring interest in a TV show.
Premieres aren’t everything. It’s sometimes good to let the show grow before judging it.
TV Vs Film
Movies used to be more artistic and daring but now TV series’ are the daring ones and movies are more cautious and funding for films becomes harder to find.
TV is what’s making money for companies.
More cable networks and more streaming services creating more chances for shows to go into syndication.
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