TR 10:50 a.m. Review Materials for Exam #2

The Underbelly of the Movie Industry

• Tricky Accounting
  • Studio promises actors percentage of profits, but some movies don’t make a profit
  • Assume a movie takes $100 million to make, $1 billion to distribute, so the movie would have to bring in $1.1 billion to make a profit
• Theater Extortion
  • Studios can sell theaters the movies and only allow theaters a certain percentage of ticket revenue
• Fake Reviews
  • Studios will come up with fake movie reviewers to boost the popularity of their movies
• Copyright Battles
  • Can’t copyright an idea, only an expression of an idea
  • Studios will take someone’s idea and make it before it is sold to another studio without making a deal with the person who has the idea
• Script Theft Accusations
  • Long history of accusations by writers that Hollywood studios take their ideas
    • Writers propose ideas to producers
    • Producers then steal the ideas because the writers can’t copyright the idea
    • Producers own the right to the expression of the idea
• Importance of the International Market
  • There are more media consumers world-wide than there are domestically
  • Movies will film some scenes in foreign countries to appeal to foreign audiences
• Producer-thought movies
  • Producers who create movies without the intent of creating a good story and appealing to a built-in audience
• “Development Hell”
  • A state during which a film remains in development without progressing to production
• The Ratings Game and the Movie Ratings System
  • Ratings are given by the MPAA 
  • Ratings are based on movie content and sometimes random
  • Members of the MPAA remain anonymous so as not to be influenced by the studios
  • G, PG, PG-13, R, NC-17
  • Small, independent producers have a more difficult time getting preferable ratings from the MPAA than big studios
• Merchandising
• Where most of the money comes from off of movies and hit shows

Radio Notes:

Heinrich Hertz- first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves (radio waves) that have one cycle per second

Guglielmo Marconi- inventor known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system

Reginald Fessenden- inventor who performed pioneering experiments in radio, including the use of continuous waves and the early—and possibly the first—radio transmissions of voice and music

Lee de Forest-  inventor of vacuum tube which made it much easier to receive

audio waves, broadcasts a classical phonograph concert from the Eiffel Tower

Frank Conrad- Westinghouse engineer, begins broadcasting a potpourri of sports scores and music from his garage.  A local department store promotes the broadcasts by offering $10 discounts on their ready-built wireless sets

Edwin Howard Armstrong- inventor of modern frequency modulation (FM) radio transmission, the regenerative circuit, the super-regenerative circuit, and the superheterodyne receiver

David Sarnoff- American businessman and pioneer of American radio by saying that radio would be a future household appliance. Lead RCA records from its beginnings (1919) till the 1970s.

·       Marconi Company sells its radio rights to General Electric (GE) who, in turn, created the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to house the new division

KDKA- the world's first commercial radio station
“toll broadcasting”- pay a fee to send messages over the air ways

Radio Act of 1927, FRC- creates the Federal Radio Commission to curtail practices that were causing massive interference problems by using non-authorized frequencies and power levels.  The FRC defines the AM band, standardizes channel designations, and abolishes portable stations.  Thus by the end of the 1920s the framework for modern radio was in place.  It would be a commercially supported medium dominated by networks and regulated by an agency of the federal government.

Communications Act of 1934, FCC- FDR creates Federal Communications Commission

in charge of regulating all types of electronic communications; this seven- member, appointed-for-life commission remains intact today and generally follows its original mandate

FM radio- frequency modulation- sound quality is better

·       Radius for FM is 50 miles

·       Frequency is from 88-108 -MHz

·       less likely to be affected by outside interferences (storms)

·       could reproduce a wider range of sound frequencies, a number of pieces of bad fortune hampered FM’s quick development.

·       1990- captured over 70 percent of the national radio audience

Television’s influence on radio-

·       changes in the contents, economics, and functions of radio.  

·       Network affiliations were nearly cut in half

·       brief drop in revenues, radio profits continued to steadily increase.  

·       radio stations turned less to network-based advertising and more to local advertisers for support. 

·       Local stations created new formats (music, talk and news) to help fill the now vacated network program airtime.

Telecommunications Policy Act of 1996

·       completely eliminated the number of stations a company could own and also upped the number of allowable single-owned stations within a single market to eight.

·       flurry of major multi-billion dollar station mergers and acquisitions

Three AM radio channel classifications (clear, regional, local)

clear-  a single dominant station designed to provide service over a wide area, almost

always urban, and broadcasting with 50,000 watts of power

·       regional- a channel shared by many stations that serve fairly large areas

·       local- a channel designed to be shared by a large number of stations that broadcast only to their local communities

Three FM radio channel classifications (C, B, A)

·       C- strongest station radio (100 thousand watts)

·       B

·       A - WICB is this/ signal can’t reach Syracuse or even Elmira

Popular station formats

·       News/Talk Format   

o   Most popular on AM

o   news/talk accounts for some 17% of all radio listening time

o   attracts primarily a male audience in the 25-54-year-old category

o   attracts audience using call-ins, advice shows, interviews, and the occasional abrasive and/or opinionated host blended in with hard news, sports, weather, and traffic reports

Voice-tracking -  small groups of people create all the content of coast to coast ex. Ryan Secrest

Voice compression – a software used in tv and radio, but mostly in radio that can remove some of the pauses when someone is talking and more commercials can be added, about 30 seconds worth in a TV show

Sources of revenue (network ads, national spot ads, local ads)

·       national ads- (usually on network programs to national advertisers):   5 %

·       regional ads or national spot ads-(less market coverage than national, more than local):  16 %

·       local ads- (purchased generally by local business or organizations):   79 %

Arbitron- largest professional research organizations of radio program ratings that survey radio listening in about 262 markets across the country

·       ratings-- ratio of listeners to a station relative to all the people in that market

General radio audience characteristics

·       550 million radio sets in the US (about two per person), one third of which are in cars

·       on a typical day three-fourths of all adults will listen to some radio

·       the average person will have the radio on for about three hours daily

·       most people listen to radio during the twice daily rush-hour drive times (6-10 am and 4-7 pm)

·       as a person ages, he or she tends to evolve out of one radio format and go into another

Radio Notes:

Heinrich Hertz- first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves (radio waves) that have one cycle per second

Guglielmo Marconi- inventor known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system

Reginald Fessenden- inventor who performed pioneering experiments in radio, including the use of continuous waves and the early—and possibly the first—radio transmissions of voice and music

Lee de Forest-  inventor of vacuum tube which made it much easier to receive

audio waves, broadcasts a classical phonograph concert from the Eiffel Tower

Frank Conrad- Westinghouse engineer, begins broadcasting a potpourri of sports scores and music from his garage.  A local department store promotes the broadcasts by offering $10 discounts on their ready-built wireless sets

Edwin Howard Armstrong- inventor of modern frequency modulation (FM) radio transmission, the regenerative circuit, the super-regenerative circuit, and the superheterodyne receiver

David Sarnoff- American businessman and pioneer of American radio by saying that radio would be a future household appliance. Lead RCA records from its beginnings (1919) till the 1970s.

·       Marconi Company sells its radio rights to General Electric (GE) who, in turn, created the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) to house the new division

KDKA- the world's first commercial radio station
“toll broadcasting”- pay a fee to send messages over the air ways

Radio Act of 1927, FRC- creates the Federal Radio Commission to curtail practices that were causing massive interference problems by using non-authorized frequencies and power levels.  The FRC defines the AM band, standardizes channel designations, and abolishes portable stations.  Thus by the end of the 1920s the framework for modern radio was in place.  It would be a commercially supported medium dominated by networks and regulated by an agency of the federal government.

Communications Act of 1934, FCC- FDR creates Federal Communications Commission

in charge of regulating all types of electronic communications; this seven- member, appointed-for-life commission remains intact today and generally follows its original mandate

FM radio- frequency modulation- sound quality is better

·       Radius for FM is 50 miles

·       Frequency is from 88-108 -MHz

·       less likely to be affected by outside interferences (storms)

·       could reproduce a wider range of sound frequencies, a number of pieces of bad fortune hampered FM’s quick development.

·       1990- captured over 70 percent of the national radio audience

Television’s influence on radio-

·       changes in the contents, economics, and functions of radio.  

·       Network affiliations were nearly cut in half

·       brief drop in revenues, radio profits continued to steadily increase.  

·       radio stations turned less to network-based advertising and more to local advertisers for support. 

·       Local stations created new formats (music, talk and news) to help fill the now vacated network program airtime.

Telecommunications Policy Act of 1996

·       completely eliminated the number of stations a company could own and also upped the number of allowable single-owned stations within a single market to eight.

·       flurry of major multi-billion dollar station mergers and acquisitions

Three AM radio channel classifications (clear, regional, local)

clear-  a single dominant station designed to provide service over a wide area, almost

always urban, and broadcasting with 50,000 watts of power

·       regional- a channel shared by many stations that serve fairly large areas

·       local- a channel designed to be shared by a large number of stations that broadcast only to their local communities

Three FM radio channel classifications (C, B, A)

·       C- strongest station radio (100 thousand watts)

·       B

·       A - WICB is this/ signal can’t reach Syracuse or even Elmira

Popular station formats

·       News/Talk Format   

o   Most popular on AM

o   news/talk accounts for some 17% of all radio listening time

o   attracts primarily a male audience in the 25-54-year-old category

o   attracts audience using call-ins, advice shows, interviews, and the occasional abrasive and/or opinionated host blended in with hard news, sports, weather, and traffic reports

Voice-tracking -  small groups of people create all the content of coast to coast ex. Ryan Secrest

Voice compression – a software used in tv and radio, but mostly in radio that can remove some of the pauses when someone is talking and more commercials can be added, about 30 seconds worth in a TV show

Sources of revenue (network ads, national spot ads, local ads)

·       national ads- (usually on network programs to national advertisers):   5 %

·       regional ads or national spot ads-(less market coverage than national, more than local):  16 %

·       local ads- (purchased generally by local business or organizations):   79 %

Arbitron- largest professional research organizations of radio program ratings that survey radio listening in about 262 markets across the country

·       ratings-- ratio of listeners to a station relative to all the people in that market

General radio audience characteristics

·       550 million radio sets in the US (about two per person), one third of which are in cars

·       on a typical day three-fourths of all adults will listen to some radio

·       the average person will have the radio on for about three hours daily

·       most people listen to radio during the twice daily rush-hour drive times (6-10 am and 4-7 pm)

·       as a person ages, he or she tends to evolve out of one radio format and go into another

• Phonograph and Edison - Thomas Edison invents phonograph in 1877 (records on metal cylinder format); earliest uses thought to be for dictation and other business needs
• Gramophone and Berliner - Emile Berliner patents gramophone; makes spiral track recordings on flat disc
• Nickelodeons - 1890s amusement arcade device that plays back a two-minute recording for five cents; immensely popular. Demand for “entertainment cylinders” grows
• Berliner’s Victrola - Berliner premiers the Victrola in 1906, the first disc player designed to look like the furniture. Formed Victor Talking Machine Company (trademark- dog peering over gramophone). Berliner’s device ends the rivalry of the recording industry between him, Edison, and the Columbia Phonograph Company.
• Cylinders vs. flat discs - Originally sound recordings were produced on metal cylinders for phonographs. Flat wax discs were used on the gramophone but weren’t as durable, though the format still caught on. The industry switched to vinyl, which was sturdier but could shatter, and finally to shellacked vinyl, which is durable and does not shatter. Vinyl records was the standard from the mid-1920s to the mid-1990s.
• Impact of radio on recording industry - By 1924 record player sales drop 50 percent from 1923, largely due to the popularity of live music delivered via the new radio medium. In 1926, record companies introduced electronic recording which much improved sound quality, and the marketing of radio-phonograph combination devices. Audiences soon identify radio as the home of “live” music compared to the “canned” music of records. RCA and Victor merge in 1929 to dominate the radio and recording industry.
• Importance of the jukebox during the Depression – In a hard economy, a new coin-operated music device called the juke box is created. Installed in bars, diners, and drugstores, juke boxes help boost record sales nearly 500% by 1939.
• Rock n’ roll’s importance - As teenagers in the 1950s began to create their own identifiable, American sub-culture (unique clothes, customized cars, and hair styles), they lack their own brand of music. Rock and roll, with its roots in rhythm and blues, commercial white popular music, country and western, and jazz, quickly fill the void.  Rock and roll owed much of its explosive popularity to new singers such as Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, Buddy Holly, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Chuck Berry, all of whom brought to rock and roll their own unique styles that helps give even more richness to the emerging music genre.
• RIAA - The Recording Industry Association of America represents the U.S. recording industry and its interests.
• New business models - Music streaming and online sales are new forms of revenue that have not existed in the past, and touring is also a larger portion of overall revenue than it has been before.
• Organization of industry—talent, production, distribution, retail
• Talent is all musicians, singers, songwriters, arrangers and lyricists who hope to make money selling and recording songs. Few actually make it in the industry. Most start out playing local bars in club, then if they’re successful will take their act out on the road, and if they’re lucky, they’ll be noticed by a talent scout and get signed to a label.
• Production - a solo artist or group records a few singles or an album and audio engineers mix the tracks to get the perfect sound. After the songs are released, promotion, publicity, advertising, packaging and merchandising begin.
• There are five main distribution outlets for the music industry: direct retail stores, rack jobbers (department stores and major discount chains like Walmart and Target), one-stops (they buy CDs from the industry then resell them to music stores and jukebox firms), direct consumer sales (a.k.a packagers) from TV promotions and record clubs, online sales where the consumer deals directly with an online retailer like iTunes or amazon.com

Retail - the major retail trends in the music industry are online selling and consolidation. Most music stores have closed due to increased competition from online stores like iTunes and the general public’s transition to digital music (so they’re not buying records and CDs). Nevertheless, Walmart does very well with its music sales, and most music sold comes from iTunes or Walmart.

Ownership of Industry-

Universal music group comprises 35.12% of all music sales (Signed artists like Elton John & Shania Twang) now owns EMI

Sony- comprises 22.79% of all music (Signed artists like Chris Brown & ACDC) is also the largest worldwide company  

Warner Music- 21.12% Atlantic records (Signed artists like Green Day & Madonna)

EMI- 8.35% capital records (Signed artists like Coldplay & Katy Perry) is now owned by universal  

All others- 12.61%

Departments within typical recording company- There are seven departments in total

·      Artists and repertoire: industry talent scouts, also administrative duties. YouTube and Vimeo have eliminated artists and repertoire departments, most artists today are discovered online, for example Justin Bieber.

·      Sales and distribution sells products, makes sure inventory gets to targeted markets.

·      Advertising and merchandising aids sales by planning media ad campaigns

·      Business lawyers, accountants, researchers, financial analyst, secretarial staff

·       Gets played on radio stations

·      Publicity tries to get press coverage and reviews for new performers in trade press

·      Artist development helps further artist career by making appearances

Economic state of Music sales Worldwide-

Feedback is measured by Billboards magazine’s weekly ratings on stars, triangles, and bullets. For example the Billboards “Hot-100 charts” which is based on exposure and sales.

Neilsen Music Report- Provides music research and monitoring services for the entertainment industry

Nielsen Media Research

Nielson uses its research methods to answer primarily two questions: “Who is watching TV?” and “what are they watching?”

Rating vs Share (know that successful talk shows typically get low ratings but high shares):

Ratings are the number of people that are watching a particular program, shares are the percentage of people watching TV at a given time that are tuned into a particular program. Share is a far better indicator of how popular a TV show is. A show can get low ratings but high shares if it airs at a time of day when not many people are watching TV, but a large percentage of the people who are watching are watching that show.

Key Demo for entertainment = 18-49

Key Demo for news = 25-54

Lexy:

GRP = "gross ratings point"

overall, everyday rating

HUT= “ homes using television”

homes using television at a particular time, is expressed as a percent of all TV homes. HUT differs from rating because it combines all viewing, rather than identifying specific program viewing.homes using television at a particular time, is expressed as a percent of all TV homes. HUT differs from rating because it combines all viewing, rather than identifying specific program viewing.

TVHH= “tv households”

• Nielsen applies TV penetrations to convert the total household and population estimates to TV households and persons therein.
• Nielsen’s national definition of a TV household states that homes must have at least one operable TV/monitor with the ability to deliver video via traditional means of antennae, cable set-top-box or satellite receiver and/or with a broadband connection.

Jess:

**C3 - C3 is a measure of the commercials watched both live and three days DVR playback and is the metric under which much of primetime advertising is bought and sold. MOST IMPORTANT RATING

Live + 7- measurement of whom watched a show within 7 days on DVR

Nielsen Family- Family’s are selected to provide feedback for rating, there are about 10,000 homes involved

Overnight Ratings (Set-top boxes)- Collecting data from each person in the house when they press their corresponding button (aka PeopleMeters)

Sweeps Months (November, February, May, July) During these weeks, Nielsen sends diaries asking viewers to write down what they were watching during the week. Nielsen then collects or “sweeps” after the month and uses the data to show which shows are attracted the most viewership

PeopleMeters - this is the box that is setup with a remote and different buttons for each person in the house. when a specific person(s) watches television, they hit their corresponding button and hit the button again when they are done watching. The data is collected every day and gives nielsen different perspectives of what everyone is watching

Diaries - The household writes down what they were watching and what time they were watching the program. these diaries are collected by nielsen and used to show what demographic is watching what.

Telephone Coincidentals - Nielsen does random telephone calls and asks people what they are watching and when.

Drama and Storytelling

Dramatic formula

- Exposition/introduction- where we are introduced to the characters, setting, major plot line, etc.

- Rising Action - twists, reveals, character flaws, subplots, additional characters introduced (stuff happens, lots of stuff)

- Climax - Where we reach the point of no return

- Falling Action - additional plot twists, a character changes from good to bad or vice versa

- Denouement - Also known as “New Normal” Can end the same as it began but it is unlikely that it will. Often where all the secrets are revealed and loose ends are tied up.

Stock characters:

• Reluctant hero - a tarnished or ordinary man with several faults or a troubled past and he is pulled reluctantly into the story (Spiderman, Harry Potter)
• Comic sidekick - a funny  sidekick to the main character (Ron Weasley in Harry Potter, Donkey in Shrek)
• Nerdy girl - a socially-impaired, obsessive, or overly intellectual person. Often interested in school as well as reading books (Steve Urkel in Family Matters, Sheldon Cooper in Big Bang Theory)
• Wacky neighbor - lives close to the neighbor and has eccentric qualities which often serves as a convenient plot device (Cosmo Kramer in Seinfeld, Wilson in Home Improvement, Squidward in Spongebob)
• Wise old man - a profound philosopher distinguished for wisdom and sound judgment (Yoda in Star Wars, Obi Wan Kenobi)

Stock Situations

• Bitter rivals - 2 characters who really really don’t like each other and butt heads on pretty much everything
  • Batman & The Joker; Harry Potter and Voldemort; The Greasers and Socs; Montagues and Capulets
• Dysfunctional nuclear family - Family who has a lot of issues, usually comedic
  • The Griffins (Family Guy); The Simpsons; The Dunphy’s (Modern Family)
• Middle child - The middle child who is constantly ignored
  • Malcolm in the Middle; Meg (Family Guy)
• Team of three - Exactly what it sounds like
  • The Three Musketeers; Harry, Ron, and Hermione; The Powerpuff Girls; Ben, Abigail, and Riley (National Treasure)
• Ill-fated lovers - Two people who are hopelessly in love with each other but can’t be together for some reason.  They usually end up together anyway.
  • Katniss and Peeta; Romeo and Juliet; Jack and Rose (Titanic); Hazel Grace and Augustus (The Fault in Our Stars)

Plot: Sequence of events that occur in the story

Theme: Central topic that the plot is built off of. Ex: Friendship, Fear, etc.

Genres (tragedy, comedy, mystery, action/horror, reality)

Tragedy: Genre that combines a story of human suffering with a sense of audience fulfillment. EX: Romeo and Juliet

Comedy: Uses humor as its driving force, makes the audience laugh. EX: The Big Bang Theory, Modern Family, etc

Mystery: Genre of fiction usually involving a mysterious death or a crime to be solved EX: True Detective, Criminal Minds, Bones

Action: Class of creative works based on exciting, thrilling events EX: Fast and Furious, The Dark Knight, The Avengers

Horror: Genre which is made to scare the audience EX: Friday the 13th, Halloween

Reality: Documents real-life events EX: Keeping up With the Kardashians, Jersey Shore

Sports as drama: Incorporates dramatic events into a sports storyline EX: Friday Night Lights

IFPI Digital Music Report 2014

Digital downloads are up to $5.9 Billion in total revenue

Money made from digital music channels made up 39% of the music industry’s revenue in 2013

Revenues of subscription music services surpassed $1 billion for the first time in 2013

There are 28 Million users of paid subscription based services

Top 5 artists in 2013:

1. One Direction
2. Eminem
3. Justin Timberlake
4. Bruno Mars
5. Katy Perry

Physical music sales still accounted for 51.4% of all global music revenue in 2013, but it is steadily declining

Revenue from performance rights (money made from performance venues and broadcast networks airing live performances) grew by 19% in 2013 ($1.1 Billion)

Sales of vinyl records still account for a very small amount of revenue from the music industry, but vinyl sales increased by 32% in the U.S. in 2013 and 101% in the UK

Revenues from advertising-supported streaming services (YouTube, Vevo, etc) increased by 17.6% in 2013

Understanding TV Ratings

Nielsen estimates TV audiences-sample (reflection of all homes based on gender, age, geography, cable status, etc.) where all homes have equal chance of being selected-meters installed in households (monitors usage on TV/DVR/DVD/game console to identify network/date/timestamp), monitored for up to 2 years, remotes preprogrammed for each household’s members (login/logout system), data sent to Nielsen each night to be processed

For accurate ratings-live, live+same day, live+7 days

Nielsen gathers data from the meters to project number of viewers/homes watching in whole population (known as impressions)

Each cable network has total number of subscribers possibly watching a program (known as its universe)

Impressions divided by universe=ratings, rating=percentage of cable network subscribers watching during an average minute of the telecast, commercial minutes count toward program rating (all minutes of program averaged together)

For just commercial ratings (advertisers want this)-watching live/watching live+3 days-C3 Ratings (C=commercial, 3=viewing within 3 days)

TV HHs-number of TV households in US (Nielsen estimate)

PERS 2+-number of people ages 2+ in US (Nielsen estimate)

LIVE+SD-number that watched program while broadcast or on DVR-same day or +3

LIVE+7-number that watched program while broadcast or on DVR-same day+7 days

Ratings-Nielsen-ratings point system-1 ratings point-1% of estimate for the category being measured

Advertising demographic (A18-49/Adults 18-49) usually advertisers most interested in for primetime shows-important to see how well a show is doing-PERS 2+ (total viewers) doesn’t make a different here

HUT-Households Using Television

What TV Ratings Really Mean

TV ratings consist of many different factors that play into the way the ratings are counted. Nielson Media Research uses a sample of over 5,000 households who agreed to participate. Nielson also measures homes, TVs, the programs people are watching and the commercials, and the people as well. They have to know WHAT they are watching and WHO is watching. Another way to know who’s watching is diaries. The diary requests that the viewers write down who watched, what they watched, and also the channel they watched. There are also entire families that agree to be recorded. Nielson uses various ethnic and income groups to make the samples accurate. And most of the time the samples are completely random. But it’s difficult to confirm is a person is actually watching television or not, the only person who knows is the viewer.

Who owns radio in the U.S.?

BC radio: ABC radio network 4,600 affiliate stations that reaches 109 million listener age 12 and over.

Beasly broadcasting: Running since 1961, Beasly broadcast group inc. has 42 radio stations ranging from Philadelphia to Miami

Bonneviille broadcasting:  Has television,radio, advertising, and satellite operations in some of the top markets in the country.

Buckley Radio: Owns and runs twenty radio stations in seven markets.

CBS Radio-Infinity broadcasting:  One of the largest radio operators in the United States. Develops radio stations primarily in markets ranked 10-70 based on revenues.

Clear Channel:  Operates more than 240 radio stations in the U.S., Australia, Mexico and New Zealand

Cox Radio: Develops radio stations primarily in markets ranked 10-70. One of the largest radio broadcasting companies in the U.S.

Cumulus:  Second largest radio broadcasting company in the U.S. Owns and operates FM and AM radio station clusters in the U.S.

Emmis:  Owns and operates radio stations Phoenix, New York, Austin. St Louis and more

Entercom: Owns and operates a nationwide portfolio of radio stations, markets includes Boston, seattle, Denver, Sacramento and more.

Greater media: Founded in 1956 by two Yale students, today greater media is the parent company of 19 AM and FM radio stations in Boston, Detroit, New Jersey and more